Cystoscopy (Bladder Scope)
Cystoscopy is a diagnostic test done so that the surgeon can see directly into the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra). A lighted, tubular telescope-like
instrument called a cystoscope is placed into the bladder through the urethra. This test is done for many reasons. It is to look for problems associated with
bleeding or pain. It can be done to look for obstruction of the urinary tract or to look for stones. It can also be used to detect problems with the lining of the bladder. Water flows through the cystoscope so the surgeon can see the bladder, urethra and the insertion of the ureters into the bladder. X-rays may be done along with cystoscopy to look for different problems with the ureter or kidney. It is done under general anesthesia so your child will feel no pain.

Vasectomy
Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization and/or permanent birth control. During the procedure, the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied/sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal tream (ejaculate). Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician's office or medical clinic. Due to the simplicity of the surgery, a vasectomy usually takes less than 30 minutes to complete. After a short recovery at the doctor's office (usually less than an hour), the patient is sent home to rest. Because the procedure is minimally invasive, many vasectomy patients find that they can resume their typical sexual behavior within a week, and do so with minimal discomfort.

Circumcision
Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, which is the skin that covers the tip of the penis. In the United States, it is often done before a new baby leaves
the hospital. There are medical benefits and risks to circumcision. Possible benefits include a lower risk of urinary tract infections, penile cancer and sexually transmitted diseases. The risks include pain and a low risk of bleeding or infection.

Urodynamics
Urodynamics is a group of tests that allow us to look at how your lower urinary tract works. Your lower urinary tract includes the bladder (which stores urine)
and the urethra (which is the tube that carries urine from your bladder to the outside). This is the only form of testing we have to look at the function of the lower urinary tract.

Urodynamics helps identify specific problems related to:
•Controlling your urine
•Not emptying your bladder completely
•Feeling of frequent and/or urgent need to urinate
•Weak or intermittent (stopping and starting) urine flow
•Frequent urinary tract infections